Module 1 Introduction to Educational Statistics
Like most people, I probably feel that it is important to "take control our life." But what does this mean? Partly it means being able to properly evaluate the data and claims that bombard you every day. If we cannot distinguish good from faulty reasoning, then we are vulnerable to manipulation and to decisions that are not in our best interest. Statistics provides tools that we need in order to react intelligently to information we hear or read. In this sense, statistics is one of the most important subject matter that we ever study . Now I realized that statistics is very significant in our daily task. It is inspiring and challenging.
Module 2 Variables: Subject Matter of Statistics and Research
Life is full of strange. As a human being our life is fulfilling and challenging. But not all of us become successful. Because each one of us have different decision and state of mind. We must be humble of what we have because we are not live permanently here on earth. We are only all variables that needs improvement and help from others.
Module 3 Integration of innovation in Statistics
During discussion in this module I felt that my life is meaningful enough not only in material things but through innovating it into helpful one. Not only for myself but for the benefits of entire people. I'm so lucky and blessed because Professor Ava is not selfish of her knowledge to share to everyone of us. Although I am not very good in statistics because since I was young it is challenging to myself...but still I'm so glad because my professor is very supportive,and humble enough to understand our difficulties in her subject.
Now, innovations is part of my life, in my daily task and even though in my own family. Professor Ava I'm so grateful to have you in this subject..thank you very much ma'am for sharing with us the good news about globalization.
Module 4 Measure of Central Location
This topic is so inspiring. Measures of central tendency, or "location", attempt to quantify what we mean when we think of as the "typical" or "average" score in a data set. The concept is extremely important and we encounter it frequently in daily life. For example, we often want to know before purchasing a car its average distance per litre of petrol. Or before accepting a job, you might want to know what a typical salary is for people in that position so you will know whether or not you are going to be paid what you are worth. Or, if you are a smoker, you might often think about how many cigarettes you smoke "on average" per day. Statistics geared toward measuring central tendency all focus on this concept of "typical" or "average." As we will see, we often ask questions in psychological science revolving around how groups differ from each other "on average". Answers to such a question tell us a lot about the phenomenon or process we are studying.
Now, innovations is part of my life, in my daily task and even though in my own family. Professor Ava I'm so grateful to have you in this subject..thank you very much ma'am for sharing with us the good news about globalization.
Module 4 Measure of Central Location
This topic is so inspiring. Measures of central tendency, or "location", attempt to quantify what we mean when we think of as the "typical" or "average" score in a data set. The concept is extremely important and we encounter it frequently in daily life. For example, we often want to know before purchasing a car its average distance per litre of petrol. Or before accepting a job, you might want to know what a typical salary is for people in that position so you will know whether or not you are going to be paid what you are worth. Or, if you are a smoker, you might often think about how many cigarettes you smoke "on average" per day. Statistics geared toward measuring central tendency all focus on this concept of "typical" or "average." As we will see, we often ask questions in psychological science revolving around how groups differ from each other "on average". Answers to such a question tell us a lot about the phenomenon or process we are studying.
Module 5 Measures of Variation
Statistics is a field of knowledge that enables an investigator to derive and evaluate conclusions about a population from sample data. In other words, statistics allow us to make generalizations about a large group based on what we find in a smaller group.
The field of statistics deals with gathering, selecting, and classifying data; interpreting and analyzing data; and deriving and evaluating the validity and reliability of conclusions based on data.
Strictly speaking, the term "parameter" describes a certain aspect of a population, while a "statistic" describes a certain aspect of a sample (a representative part of the population). In common usage, most people use the word "statistic" to refer to research figures and calculations, either from information based on a sample or an entire population.
Statistics means different things to different people. To a baseball fan, statistics are information about a pitcher's earned run average or a batter's slugging percentage or home run count. To a plant manager at a distribution company, statistics are daily reports on inventory levels, absenteeism, labor efficiency, and production. To a medical researcher investigating the effects of a new drug, statistics are evidence of the success of research efforts. And to a college student, statistics are the grades made on all the exams and quizzes in a course during the semester.
Today, statistics and statistical analysis are used in practically every profession, and for managers in particular, statistics have become a most valuable tool. A set of data is a population if decisions and conclusions based on these data can be made with absolute certainty. If population data is available, the risk of arriving at incorrect decisions is completely eliminated.
Module 6 Measures of Correlation
Measurements are so often taken for granted we sometimes do not appreciate the grand importance measurements play in our lives. On a baseline level, measurements fall into the categories of weight, area, volume, length and even temperature. While we look at these various categories as stoic forms of mathematical measurements a closer examination of things we do in everyday life reveals their clear importance.
Taking proper medicine.If you an illness (whether serious or minor) you need to take your medicine and take it in the proper amount. If you take too little or too much then you are not going to get the proper benefit from it.
Cooking properly. Cooking of all forms is based on proper attention to measurement. Can you bake a chicken at 600 degrees? Well, you can but the results would be pretty catastrophic! Could you may a cup of tea by dipping a tea bag into a teaspoon of warm water?
Purchasing clothes. Now, how important could measurements be when selecting clothes? After all, to look good in clothing the main thing you need to pay attention to is style, right? Well, if you weigh 200lbs you aren't going to look stylish in an extra small shirt. Clothing is all based on size and proper fitting which are, of course, variants of measuremen
Taking proper medicine.If you an illness (whether serious or minor) you need to take your medicine and take it in the proper amount. If you take too little or too much then you are not going to get the proper benefit from it.
Cooking properly. Cooking of all forms is based on proper attention to measurement. Can you bake a chicken at 600 degrees? Well, you can but the results would be pretty catastrophic! Could you may a cup of tea by dipping a tea bag into a teaspoon of warm water?
Purchasing clothes. Now, how important could measurements be when selecting clothes? After all, to look good in clothing the main thing you need to pay attention to is style, right? Well, if you weigh 200lbs you aren't going to look stylish in an extra small shirt. Clothing is all based on size and proper fitting which are, of course, variants of measuremen
Module 7 The Normal Probability Distribution
Probability is an everyday part of our lives. We use it to measure uncertainty and to help us make choices. For example, when the weatherman says that there is a 90% chance of rain, do you take an umbrella that day? Probability is NOT the same as betting odds (payoffs); Kentucky Derby and Pro Sports sets odds to insure they make money and the odds depend on the trend in betting. Lower odds do not mean one is more likely to win, it just means that more people think something is true, or that an event will happen. Vegas tables set payoffs lower than true odds so they always come out ahead in the money.
Module 8 Sampling Theories and Hypothesis Testing
The concept of correlation is particularly noteworthy for the potential confusion it can cause. Statistical analysis of a data set often reveals that two variables (properties) of the population under consideration tend to vary together, as if they were connected. For example, a study of annual income that also looks at age of death might find that poor people tend to have shorter lives than affluent people. The two variables are said to be correlated; however, they may or may not be the cause of one another. The correlation phenomena could be caused by a third, previously unconsidered phenomenon, called a lurking variable or confounding variable. For this reason, there is no way to immediately infer the existence of a causal relationship between the two variables.
For a sample to be used as a guide to an entire population, it is important that it is truly a representative of that overall population. Representative sampling assures that the inferences and conclusions can be safely extended from the sample to the population as a whole. A major problem lies in determining the extent to which the sample chosen is actually representative.
For a sample to be used as a guide to an entire population, it is important that it is truly a representative of that overall population. Representative sampling assures that the inferences and conclusions can be safely extended from the sample to the population as a whole. A major problem lies in determining the extent to which the sample chosen is actually representative.
Module 10 Analysis of Variance
Module 11 Linear and Multiple Regression Analysis
Module 12 Computer Statistical Applications
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